Functional Materials Laboratory

• Measurable d33 range:
  x0.1 range: 1-200 pC/ N
  x1 range: 10-2000 pC /N
• Resolution:
  x0.1 range : 0.1 pC/ N
  x1 range : 1 pC /N
• Shunt capacitance:
  x0.1 range: 0.1 pF
  x1 range: 1 pF
• Force
  Frequency: 110 Hz
  Amplitude: 0.25 N
• Power:
  110-240 VA
  C / 50 / 60 Hz / 20 W
• Accuracy:
  x0.1 range: ± 5% of d33 value from 1-20 pC/ N
  ± 2% of d33 value from 10-200 pC/ N
  x1 range: ± 5% of d33 value from 10-200 pC/ N
  ± 2% of d33 value from 100-2000 pC/ N

• Quality assurance of piezoelectric materials
• In-line production inspection
• Research and development applications involving piezoelectric materials

The piezoelectric charge constant, ‘d’, is the mechanical strain experienced by a piezoelectric element per unit of electrical energy applied, or, alternatively, is the electrical energy generated by the element per unit of mechanical stress applied. For many device applications, a fast, easy means of determining d33 is invaluable for ensuring quality and consistency among piezoelectric ceramic components. This instruments facilitates the measurements of piezoelectric coefficients of mutlfunctional materials

• Frequency Range: 20 Hz to 100 kHz
• Any of the following parameters can be measured and displayed:
  Impedance (Z) | Phase Angle(Ø) | Capacitance (C) | Dissipation Factor (D) | Inductance (L) | Quality Factor (Q) | AC Resistance (Rac) | Reactance (X) | Susceptance (B) | Conductance (G) | Admittance (Y)

• Open circuit: 10 mV to 2 V rms
• Voltage step size: 10 mV (200 steps)
• Short circuit: 100 µA to 20 mA rms
• Current step size: 100 µA (200 steps)
• Signal source impedance: 100 Ω
• DC Bias Voltage: Internal – 2 Vdc
  (External – up to ±40V may be connected via rear panel)

• Z, R, X 0.01 mΩ to > 1 GΩ
• Y, B, G 0.1 nS to > 2 kS
• L 1 nH to > 2 kH
• D, Q  0.0001 to 9999.9
• Phase Angle -180° to +180°
• Rdc 0.1 mΩ to > 100 MΩ

To study the capacitance, inductance and impedance of the materials as a function of both the frequency and temperature and also to find out the piezoelectric properties by resonance – anti-resonance methods. The above parameters could be used in the design of electrical filters, capacitors, piezoelectric transducers, etc.

• Any of the following parameters can be measured and displayed:
  Capacitance (C) | Inductance (L) | Resistance (R) | Reactance (X) | Conductance (G) | Susceptance (B) | Impedance (Z) | Dissipation Factor (D) | Admittance (Y) | Phase Angle (Ø) | Quality Factor (Q)
• Frequency Range: 20 Hz to 128 kHz
  Frequency step size 0.1 mHz
  Accuracy of set frequency ±0.005%
• AC Drive Level: 10 mV to 1V rms (varies with frequency)
  200 µA to 20 mA rms (varies with frequency)

• Accuracy: Dissipation factor – ±0.0005 (1+D2)
  Quality factor – ±0.05 % (Q+1/Q)
  Capacitance / Inductance / Impedance – ±0.05%
  Accuracy varies with frequency, drive level and measured impedance
• DC Bias Current (Option): 0 to +100mA DC bias current and 0 to +40V dc bias voltage
  -40V to +40V dc bias voltage

This instrument can be employed to determine the capacitance, inductance and impedance characteristics of materials over a wide range of frequencies. These studies indeed help in the design of piezoelectric based sensors and actuators.

• Field 5 kV
• Frequency 20 Hz to 1 kHz
• Fatigue up to 20 ^th order of cycles
• Resolution 16 bit
• Temp. RT- 400°C with PID control
• Furnace and sample holder for bulk samples
• Complete data transfer to standard software like Origin xls
• Full touch screen operation using smart 7” touch panel mounted on the unit
• Data transfer using USB stick
• LAN port for multiple connectivity and remote maintenance
• Absolutely no PCI/USB/ISA/RS232 interface required
• 19” rack mountable unit
• Silicon oil 500mL
• In built temperature interface for K type thermocouple

• Electric Field 100 kV/cm for 0.5 mm thick samples
• Min. charge sensitivity of bulk 0.01 uC
• Max. charge measurement 100 uC
• Min. sample area 1 sq mm
• Max. Sample diameter 10-15 mm
• Max. Sample thickness 3 mm
• Complete data transfer to standard software like Origin xls
• 16 Bit Wave form generator
• 16 Bit AD converter

• Polarization (P) Vs Electric Field (E) studies at different frequencies and temperatures
• PE fatigue measurement

• Frequency of operation 20 Hz to 1 kHz user selectable
• Max current: 2 amp
• Max voltage (AC): 20 V
• 12 bit Data collection unit
• Data processing unit
• Overload protection
• Input 220 Volts 50 Hz
• 19” rack mountable unit

• BH loop at diff. temperatures, BH loop at diff. frequencies and BH fatigue measurement

The system helps in assessing the magnetic nature of materials such as ferrites, and the other smart magnetic materials via B Vs H Loop studies. The sample is generally cylindrical, and the cylindrical ring in shape can be hollow, or a rod. Two insulated windings are generally done on the sample. One is called primary of known thickness and no. of turns. The other is called secondary of known thickness and turns. Electrical AC signal of different frequencies is applied in one and due to magnetization output signal is read simultaneously in secondary winding.

• Vacuum Chamber: D-Shape / Cylindrical Chamber
• Pumping System: Turbo Pumping System
• Vacuum Gauges: Digital – Pirani & Penning Gauges
• Substrate Holder with Spring clips arrangement
• Substrate Heating 500°C & Rotation Mechanism
• Mass Flow Controllers for introducing gas
• RF 300 Watts; Power Supply with auto matching network
• 1 kW DC Power Supply

This could be used to configure metals and oxides in two dimensional thin-film configurations. Thin-films can be deposited on various substrates for a variety of applications which include energy harvesting devices, optical limiters, piezo and ferroelectric sensors.

• Heating elements : Molybdenum disilicide
• Temperature (Max.): 1700°C
• Safe operating temperature: 1600°C
• Can be used to calcine and sinter materials at elevated temperatures

• Temperature (Max.): 1050°C
• Safe operating temperature: 900-950°C
• Single Phase, 230 Volts
• Heating by Kanthal elements grooved with high temperature alumina tube
• Temp. controlled by a digital control, complete with thyristor power pack

• Heating by silicon carbide heating elements with complete thyristor power pack
• Temperature (Max.): 1300°C
• Safe operating temperature: 1200°C
• Single Phase, 230 Volts

All these furnaces can be employed to calcine and sinter functional materials.

• Type of lamp: Xenon Short Arc
• Lamp Power: 150 W
• Max. Illuminated area:
  2” (50mm) x 2” (50mm)
• Air Mass: AM1.5G Standard
  (AM1.5D or AM1 optional)
• Lamp lifetime: 1,500 hours
• Simulator Class: AAA
• Phase/Voltage/Frequency: Single Phase/110-220AC Volts/50-60Hz
• Adjustment Range of light intensity: 1000 W/m2 ±15%

• Max. Power Consumption: 650 W
• High quality Solar Simulator with computer control
• Intensity measurement and feedback control for long term stability
• Flexible cell test fixture configurations, including optional cell temperature control (10°C to 70°C ±0.5°C or better)
• Temperature controlled chuck with vacuum hold
• Multiple cell contacting probes for larger cells
• Ability to determine Thermal Coefficients of various cell parameters

Testing of various Solar Cells for their efficiencies under Standard Test Conditions